Roll-to-roll (R2R) processing is a manufacturing technique used primarily for producing flexible materials and components, such as plastic films, paper, or metal foils, coatings, and electronic components, by processing them in a continuous roll format.

Slot-die coating is a technique used to coat a thin layer of liquid material onto a substrate, typically for manufacturing purposes. It involves the controlled flow of liquid through a narrow slot or channel in the slot-die head, which is positioned very close to the substrate surface.

Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. They are composed of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. In a typical fuel cell, hydrogen gas is supplied to the anode and oxygen is supplied to the cathode.

Solid-state Li-ion batteries are advanced energy storage devices that are gaining significant attention in the field of battery technology. These batteries use a solid-state electrolyte instead of a liquid or gel electrolyte, which offers several advantages over traditional Li-ion batteries.